Instructions:
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Watch the video carefully and take clear, organized notes while watching.
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Review the concepts covered in the video and then attempt all the given exercises independently.
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If you feel stuck on any question, go back to your notes and re-watch the relevant part of the video before moving on.
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Do not skip difficult questions—use your notes to understand the method or concept step by step.
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Write down any questions or confusions in your notebook so you can ask the lecturer during the next class.
Good morning students.
Today, we are going to learn about Uthman ibn Affan (RA), the third Caliph of Islam, who ruled from 644 to 656 CE. Uthman (RA) was one of the earliest converts to Islam, invited by Abu Bakr (RA), and he came from the respected Umayyad clan of Quraysh. He was gentle, humble, and very generous. He earned the title Dhu al-Nurayn, meaning “the Possessor of Two Lights,” because he married two daughters of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) at different times.
After Umar (RA) was martyred, a council of six companions was formed to choose the next Caliph. After consultation, Uthman (RA) was chosen, showing how Shūrā, or consultation, is important in Islamic governance.
One of Uthman’s (RA) greatest achievements was the compilation of the Qur’an. As Islam spread into different lands, variations in Qur’anic recitation began to appear. To preserve the Qur’an, he ordered a committee led by Zayd ibn Thabit (RA) to produce a single standardized copy. Copies were sent to major cities like Makkah, Kufa, Basrah, and Damascus, and all non-standard versions were removed. This effort ensured the Qur’an would remain pure and unchanged for all generations.
Uthman (RA) also expanded the Islamic empire. Under his rule, Muslim territories reached their greatest extent, including North Africa, Asia Minor, and further lands in Persia. He also established the first strong naval force under Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan (RA), strengthening the community’s security and trade.
In administration and economy, Uthman (RA) introduced reforms. He appointed governors, expanded infrastructure like mosques, roads, wells, and canals, and strengthened trade and the treasury. He was extremely generous, financing the expansion of the Prophet’s Mosque and providing camels and funds for the army of Tabuk.
However, towards the end of his rule, Uthman (RA) faced opposition due to complaints against governors, accusations of favoritism towards his relatives, and unrest from rebels. Despite this, he remained patient and refused to use violence against fellow Muslims. In 656 CE, Uthman (RA) was martyred while reading the Qur’an during a siege on his home, leaving behind a legacy of patience, humility, and devotion to Islam.
So, to summarize students:
Uthman ibn Affan (RA) preserved the Qur’an, expanded the Muslim empire, introduced important administrative reforms, and showed immense patience and generosity. His life teaches us the importance of dedication, fairness, and avoiding harm to others even in the face of challenges.
