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Chapter 4 : Agricultural development

Course Content
O-Level Pakistan Studies : Part-I : Section 1
0/32
Section 1 : Cultural and historical background to the Pakistan Movement
T1 : The religious reforms of Shah Waliullah and his role in the political and religious context of the time
T2 : Syed Ahmad Barelvi and the revival of Islam in the subcontinent
T3 : The Jihad movement and the Mujahideen
T4 : Haji Shariatullah and the Faraizi Movement
Internal Indian reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire: T5 : The impact of Aurangzeb’s policies on the stability of the Mughal Empire
T6 : The effectiveness of Aurangzeb’s successors as rulers
T7 : Problems of controlling the Empire
T8 : The rise of the Maratha and Sikh empires
External reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire: T9: Foreign invasions from Persia and Afghanistan
T10 : The East India Company’s involvement in the subcontinent
T11 : British relations with the later Mughal rulers of Delhi
T12 : British expansion from the 1750s to the 1850s in the subcontinent
T13 : A general overview of the course of, and reasons for, British annexation of the territories which now encompass Pakistan (including the Anglo–Sikh wars and the annexations of Lahore, the Punjab and Peshawar)
T14 : The British search for a ‘natural’ and ‘scientific’ NW Frontier
T15 : British policy towards Tribal Territory
T16 : The immediate and underlying causes of the War
T17 : The attitude of Bahadur Shah Zafar
T18 : The course of the War, with particular reference to the roles played by the Muslim rulers and populations of what is now Pakistan
T19 : Reasons for failure
T20 : An assessment of the short-term impact of the War on Muslims in the subcontinent
T21 : British reaction during and immediately after the War (including the major constitutional, educational and administrative reforms which followed).
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s contribution to the education of Muslims and the revitalisation of their national consciousness: T22 An overview of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s main educational works and their importance
T23 : An understanding of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s social and political theory, and of its origins
T24 : The impact of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s work on Muslims and the western world
T25 : Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s relations with the British and the ulama
T26 : Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s role in the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League
T27 : The meaning and origin of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s ‘Two-Nation’ Theory and the Hindi–Urdu Controversy.
T28 : The importance of Urdu and the reasons for its choice as the national language of Pakistan
T29 : The advantages and disadvantages of Urdu as the national language
T30 : The promotion of provincial languages (Balochi, Punjabi, Pushto, Sindhi)
T31 : The reasons for the foundation of Aligarh College
O-Level Pakistan Studies : Part-I : Section 2
0/47
Section 2. The emergence of Pakistan 1906–47
The main features of: T1 : The Partition of Bengal controversy, 1905–11
T2 : The Simla Deputation, 1906
T3 : Reasons for the establishment of the Muslim League – its creation in 1906 and its aims
T4 : Co-operation of the Muslim League with Congress and reasons for its breakdown
T5 : The Morley–Minto reforms, 1909
T6 : The impact of the First World War on the subcontinent
T7 : Congress and the Lucknow Pact, 1916
T8 : The Rowlatt Act, 1918, and the Amritsar Massacre, 1919
T9 : The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms (The Government of India Act), 1919
T10 : The Non-Cooperation Movement
T11 : The growth of Communalism
T12 : Growing divisions in the Congress Party
T13 : The Delhi Proposals, 1927.
T14 : Reasons for the rise of the Khilafat Movement
T15 : The objectives of the Khilafat Conference, 1918
T16 : The Khilafat Conferences and delegations to England, 1919–21, and reasons for failure
T17 : The causes, course and reasons for failure of the Hijrat Movement
T18 : Gandhi and the Non-Cooperation Movement
T19 : Reasons for the failure of the Khilafat Movement
T20 : The impact of the Khilafat and Hijrat Movements on Muslims in the subcontinent
T21 :The Simon Commission, 1927–1930
T22 : The Nehru Report, 1928
T23 : Jinnah’s 14 Points, 1929
T24 : Allama Iqbal’s Allahabad address, 1930
T25 : The Round Table Conferences, 1930–32
T26 : The Communal Award of 1932
T27 : Rahmat Ali and the Pakistan National Movement, 1933
T28 : The Government of India Act, 1935
T29 : The 1937 elections and their significance to the Muslim League and Congress
T30 : Congress rule, 1937–39, its significance to the Pakistan Movement and the ‘Day of Deliverance’, 1939.
T31 : The Second World War (1939–45) in relation to India and the ‘Quit India’ Movement
T32 : The Pakistan Resolution, 1940
T33 : The Cripps Mission, 1942
T34 : The Gandhi–Jinnah talks, 1944
T35 : Lord Wavell and the Simla Conference, 1945
T36 : The elections of 1945–46 in India, reasons for Muslim League success and the consequences thereof
T37 : The Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946
T38 : Direct Action Day, 1946
T39 : The June 3 Plan, 1947
T40 : The Radcliffe Commission and Award, 1947
T41 : The Indian Independence Act, 1947
Jinnah as an advocate of Hindu–Muslim unity: T42 : His role in the Muslim League, the Pakistan Movement and as negotiator with the British
T43 : His relations with Gandhi, Nehru and the All-India Congress
T44 : Views on Hindu–Muslim future as separate nations and the Allahabad address, 1930
Rahmat Ali: T45 : Views on a separate Muslim homeland, his pamphlet ‘Now or Never’, 1933, and the name ‘Pakistan’
T46 : Differences between his views and those of Allama Iqbal
O-Level Pakistan Studies : Part-I : Section 3
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Section 3. Nationhood 1947–99
T1 : Outcome of the Radcliffe Award and reactions of the Pakistan and Indian governments to it. Impact on Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs
T2 : The Canal Water Dispute, its course and resolution
T3 : The role of UN mediation
T4 : The division of assets between Pakistan and India
T5 : An overview of problems with the Princely States (especially Jammu and Kashmir)
T6 : The refugee and accommodation crisis
T7 : Economic, social and administrative problems
T8 : The issue of national language
T9 : India’s reactions to these problems and their ongoing significance in later tensions/wars with India
T10 : An assessment of Jinnah’s role and achievements as Governor-General
T11 : Khwaja Nazimuddin
T12 : Liaquat Ali Khan
T13 : Ghulam Muhammad
T14 : Iskander Mirza
T15 : Muhammad Ayub Khan and the ‘Decade of Progress’
T16 : Yahya Khan
T17 : The origin, reasons and principles of the 1949 Objectives Resolution, reasons for its adoption by the Constituent Assembly and details of its Islamic provisions
T18 : later constitutional changes (including the reasons for and the principles on which they were based), with particular reference to Islamic provisions in the 1956, 1962 and 1973 Constitutions.
T19 : Tensions between East and West Pakistan from 1947 (including earlier problems over the Partition of Bengal)
T20 : The rise of the Awami League
T21 : Sheikh Mujib and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
T22 : The main features of Sheikh Mujib’s Six Points, reasons for their rejection
T23 : Outline of the subsequent war, including the role of India
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: T24 : Controlling the army
T25 : The Simla Agreement, 1972
T26 : A new constitution, 1973
T27 : Industrial, agricultural, education, health, social and administrative reforms
T28 : His overthrow
Zia-ul-Haq: T29 : The Islamisation programme
T30 : Overview of the constitutional and Islamic legal position of women and ethnic and religious minorities
T31 : Law and government, elections and issues of martial law and the Eighth Amendment
T32 : Problems facing Zia
T33 : The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979
Bhutto, 1988–90: T34 : Conflict with Nawaz Sharif and growth of separatist movements
T35 : Difference with President Ishaq over judicial appointment
T36 : Opposition ‘no confidence’ motion
T37 : Inflation and unemployment
T38 : Issues in Kashmir
T39 : Her dismissal
Bhutto, 1993–96: T40 : Kashmir tensions
T41 : Opposition demonstrations
T42 : Unemployment/inflation
T43 : IMF concerns following devaluation of the Pakistan rupee
T44 : Balance of payments issues
T45 : Dismissal of the Chief Minister of Punjab
T46 : Bhutto’s dismissal
Sharif: T47 : Privatisation policy encouraged profiteering
T48 : Problems with BCCI
T49 : Loss of US aid following Pakistan’s criticisms during the Gulf War
T50 : Issues in Kashmir
T51 : Removal of Sharif and imposition of military rule
Pakistan – a nuclear power: T52 : Nuclear weapons programme, established 1972
T53 : Indian nuclear test, 1974
T54 : Nuclear testing race with India
T55 : Pakistan nuclear tests, 1987
T56 : US concerns
T57 : Pakistan nuclear tests, 1998
T58 : Refusals to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Relations with Bangladesh: T59 : Relations from 1971, residual problems from secession, e.g. repatriation and indemnity
Relations with India: T60 : Problems and tensions from 1947 (including Jammu and Kashmir, the creation of Bangladesh, nuclear weapons, issues of trade)
T61 : Attempts to develop more friendly relations
Relations with Afghanistan: T62 : Issues related to Pakhtoonistan and Tribal Territory
T63 : Daud Khan, the Pakhtoonistan issue and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
T64 : The Soviet invasion and its impact on Pakistan’s foreign policy in respect of the Soviet Union, the USA and Afghanistan
T65 : The post-Soviet legacy affecting Pakistan
Relations with Iran: T66 : Relations prior to and after Iran’s Islamic Revolution, 1979
T67 : Trade, political and religious links
T68 : Impact of the Islamic Revolution on Pakistan’s bilateral relations
T69 : Iran’s role in the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD)
Relations with China: T70: Trade and bilateral relations
T71 : China’s relations with India as compared to those with Pakistan
T72 : The Karakoram Highway project
T73 : Pakistan’s policy towards Muslim minorities in China and its impact on relations with Beijing
Relations with USSR/Russia: T74 : Relations with the USSR and its Central Asian republics
T75 : Impact of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan on Pakistan’s policy in respect of Afghanistan and the USA
T76 : The development of closer ties with Russia post-1991
T77 : Nawaz Sharif’s visit to Moscow, 1999
Relations with USA, the UK and the Commonwealth: T78 : Relations with the USA and the UK from 1947 in relation to the (CENTO) / (SEATO) and reasons why Pakistan left/later rejoined these organisations
T79 : The issue of non-alignment in relation to the West and the Muslim world, particularly Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC)
T80 : Pakistan’s relationship with the Commonwealth
T81 : The impact of the removal of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan on relations with the USA, the UK and the Commonwealth
Relations with the United Nations (UN): T82 : Pakistan’s place in the UN
T83 : UN involvement with, and declarations on, Jammu and Kashmir, the Canal Water Dispute, the Indo–Pakistan Wars, war with Bangladesh
T84 : Evaluation of the UN’s role as a peace-maker and mediator in these issues
T85 : Overview of the function of (UNICEF), (UNESCO), (WHO), (WFP) and the part these agencies have played in the development of Pakistan
O-Level Pakistan Studies : Part-II
0/33
Chapter 1 : The land of Pakistan
T1 : Location of Pakistan
T2 : Location of administrative areas and cities
T3: The natural topography, including drainage
T4 : Climate
Chapter 2 : Natural resources – an issue of sustainability
T1 : Water
T2 : Forests
T3 : Mineral resources
T4 : Fish
Chapter 3 : Power
T1 : Sources
T2 : Non-renewables
T3 : Renewables
Chapter 4 : Agricultural development
T1 : Agricultural systems
T2 : Crops and livestock
T3 : Factors affecting production
Chapter 5 : Industrial development
T1 : Understanding common terms
T2 : Secondary and tertiary industries
Chapter 6 : Trade
T1 : Major exports and imports
T2 : Pakistan’s trading partners
Chapter 7 : Transport and telecommunications
T1 : Internal transport
T2 : International transport
T3 : Telecommunications
Chapter 8 : Population and employment
T1 : Structure and growth
T2 : Movements of population
T3 : Distribution and density of population
T4 : Employment
PAK STUDIES 2059: O-level – Notes Pack

Journey to the heart of Pakistan’s economy—the countryside. This chapter examines the agricultural sector, a primary source of food, employment, and raw materials. You will learn about the major crops, the vital irrigation system, and the transformative impact of the Green Revolution. The chapter also addresses contemporary issues such as waterlogging, salinity, the role of technology, and the need for reforms to enhance productivity and ensure food security.

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