Instructions:
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Watch the video carefully and take clear, organized notes while watching.
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Review the concepts covered in the video and then attempt all the given exercises independently.
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If you feel stuck on any question, go back to your notes and re-watch the relevant part of the video before moving on.
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Do not skip difficult questions—use your notes to understand the method or concept step by step.
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Write down any questions or confusions in your notebook so you can ask the lecturer during the next class.
Good morning students.
Today we are going to learn about Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA), the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), and the fourth Caliph of Islam. He became Caliph after the tragic assassination of Uthman (RA) in 656 CE. His leadership lasted nearly five years and was a very challenging period due to internal conflicts and civil wars. Despite all this, Ali (RA) is remembered for his wisdom, justice, piety, and dedication to Islam.
When he was asked to become Caliph, Ali (RA) was initially reluctant because he knew the challenges ahead. But he accepted, emphasizing that his leadership would be based on truth, justice, and following the Qur’an and Sunnah. The Prophet ﷺ praised him, saying, “You are to me as Harun was to Musa, except there is no prophet after me.” This shows how much the Prophet trusted him.
Ali (RA) faced many challenges. Many Muslims demanded swift punishment for Uthman’s killers, but Ali (RA) delayed action to maintain peace. This caused disagreements and led to battles like the Battle of the Camel, where groups led by A’ishah (RA), Talhah (RA), and al-Zubayr (RA) fought against him. Then came the Battle of Siffin against Muawiyah (RA), which ended in arbitration, further dividing the community. Finally, the Khawarij rebellion challenged his authority, and Ali (RA) defeated them in the Battle of Nahrawan.
Even during these conflicts, Ali (RA) ruled with justice and equality. He treated everyone fairly, rich or poor. One famous example is when his armor was found with a Jewish man, and the judge ruled in favor of the Jew—Ali accepted this decision, showing his fairness. Ali (RA) lived a simple and pious life, worked in gardens, gave charity, and avoided luxury. He was also known for his wisdom, giving guidance through sermons and letters that are preserved in Nahj al-Balaghah.
Ali (RA) was martyred in 661 CE while praying in Kufa, by a member of the Khawarij. His death marked the end of the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and the beginning of the Umayyad dynasty.
To summarize students:
Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA) faced one of the most difficult periods in Islamic history but remained just, wise, humble, and devoted to Allah. His life teaches us the importance of justice, integrity, courage, and knowledge, even during challenging times.
